Midsummer grass flowers

Midsummer day near the Ribble at Langcliffe: 

Helictochloa pratensis - Meadow Oat-grass by the Ribble

21 June:

16 species of grass in flower before breakfast on the main-road-side, and a country track .. and
8 more just now down near the river after supper

 - and all within 200 metres of my house near Langcliffe in the Yorkshire Dales. What a privilege! - total - 24!!..    

Plus 4 more whose leaves I saw but it is too early for the flowers

Plus 4 more I might be lucky enough to find one day within the 200metres: The total will be 31 by July!

First an increasingly good display in the gutter between the pavement and the road

Rye-grass (Lolium perenne) and
Soft Brome (Bromus hordeaceus)

False Oat-grass (Arrhenatherum elatius)

Hungarian Brome (Bromopsis inermis)

-----------------------

Then up onto the country track near the railway

Upright Brome  (though leaning over here!!!) (Bromopsis erecta)

Morning finds:

Alopecurus pratensis           Meadow Foxtail

Anthoxanthum odoratum    Sweet Vernal-grass 

Arrhenatherum elatius         False oat-grass

Avenula pubescens              Downy Oat-grass

Bromus hordeaceous           Soft Brome

Bromopsis erecta                 Upright Brome

Bromopsis                            Hungarian Brome

Cynosurus cristatus              Crested dog's-tail

Dactylis glomerata               Cock's-foot

Elymus repens                      Couch-grass

Festuca rubra                        Red Rescue

Lolium perenne                    Rye-grass

Schedonorus pratensis          Meadow Fescue

Poa annua                             Annual Meadow-grass

Poa pratensis                         Smooth Meadow-grass   
(or subcaerualea)

Poa trivialis                           Rough Meadow-grass

Evening: 
- On limestone bedrock bank that was a former pasture, but has been fenced off by the Ribble Rivers Trust for about ten years.

Briza media                                     Quaking Grass

Elymus caninus (almost in flower)  Bearded Couch

Festuca ovina                                   Sheep's Fescue

Helictochloa pratensis                      Meadow Oat-grass

Phalaris arundinacea (almost in flower) Reed Canary-grass

Schedonorus arundinaceus               Tall Fescue

Sesleria caerulea                               Blue Moor-grass

Trisetum flavescens                          Yellow Oat-grass

Down near the river. 

Meadow Oat-grass  Helictochloa pratensis

Quaking-grass Briza media

Leaves see but not in flower:

Agrostis capillaris - not in flower

Agrostis stolonifera - not in flower

(Schedonorus gigantea  )  - not in flower       

(Brachypodium sylvaticum) - not in flower

Hope to see next month - 

Bromopsis ramosa

Molinia caerulea?

Phleum pratense

Aira praecox (near railway)

See  my many posts on individual species

Read online the article I wrote for the North Craven Heritage Trust - A Grass for every month in North Craven. p27, edition 2009 - Where I state there are 72 native grasses in North Craven and about 7 non-native growing wild.

St Mary's, Embsay, Churchyard species count for Churches Count on Nature 10 June 2026

 Here is the start of my account for Wed 10 June - this year's visit for Churches Count on Nature Week. 

We had a rainy morning, but the sun came out in the afternoon when the children from Class 4 came from Embsay Primary School. No pictures of the 30 children because of getting permission for photos of children is difficult.  But the children worked hard and had a good time.  

The Purple Sage near the church porch was very popular with two types of bee

Having collected tall examples of grasses beforehand from some of the patches in the grave-yard left unmown, I had time at the beginning to introduce the children to the flowers of grasses such as Yorkshire Fog, False Oat-grass, Foxtail, and Fescue - four "F"s

 plus Ryegrass and Cock's-foot and three Meadow Grasses. but maybe that's enough.

and to demonstrate to the whole class the use of a handlens -- .   

We looked at the bees who loved the purple sage.

One girl found an enormous worm - .. This long  (stretch out arms...) 

In one quadrat I found some of worm casts.  (See my notes on worms at the end. We had been asked to look for evidence of creatures as well as the creatures themselves.

We stood and listened for two minutes to all the sounds we could hear. Aprat from a plane an some cars and the wind,  

I could hear
"Take two coos, Taffy, Take two coos Taffy" - Wood pigeon

and "Jack! Jack!"  - Jackdaw

and "Caw" - Rook or crow.

Revd  could hear "Chiff, chaf, chiff, Chaff"

Others could hear a black bird (talks in sentences with gaps in between)

After the children left, Liz, Lesley, and I had time to look round the churchyard ourselves. We especially revisited the area of huge logs left where an old dangerous sycamore tree had been felled the previous year. This disturbed area has been left natural. We found the beautiful Collared Parachute-mushroom - Marasmius rotula growing near the base of the saw off trunk.  

I do hope someone will count the rings on the trunks to find out how old the tree was.

Nearby, squashed between the sawn trunk of the sycamore and the tall beech trees along the east boundary they have recently planted a whitebeam. At least this will not grow too tall. They had to plant a tree to replace the sycamore. Meanwhile the sycamore trunk is merrily sprouting lots of side shoots itself, and there are at least two ash saplings growing in the forks between the butresses/roots of the old trunk

Plus Hedge Woundwort, Wood Aven, Bird's-eye Speedwell, and Herb Robert. A bit less inspiring is the large patch of Ground Elder - I reminded Liz that this weed IS edible when the leaves are young -and was introduced about a thousand years ago because it is edible

I recorded one extra lichen (Bilimbia sabulatorum)  to add to my lichen list.

Mosses

This year I decided to make a start on Mosses. 

In fact, for a long time I only found three mosses, on the stone boundary wall, on the base of the grave stones and on tree bases:-

1. Homalothecium sericium Silky wall Feather-moss 
2. Hypnum cupressiforme, Cypress-leaved Plait Moss
3. Rhytidadelphus squarrosus   Springy Turf-moss

On the tarmac path beside the Purple Sage plant and Wooden seat was some type of yet-to-be-identified tiny cushion moss (my name for acrocarpou mosses maybe a  Didymodon species Beard-moss) 

4. Let's just call it Beard Moss for now.

On the west wall of the church was a few tufts of 

 5. Tortula muralis. Wall Screw-moss

Then on the west side of the church there was a kerbed grave. (in the foreground below)

 This had four mosses: 

6. Thuidium tamariscinum,  Common Tamarisk-moss

7. Calliergonella cuspidata,  Pointed Spear-moss

8. Cirriphyllum piliferum  Hair pointed Feather Moss

 and of course lots more Rhytidiadelphus squarosus  all growing amongst some Creeping Soft grass (Holcus mollis)

Creeping Soft-grass - the shoots come up separately because they are separated by rhizomes (underground shoots). It usually grows in woods. It is growing through the Springy Turf-moss. on the Kerb, you just may be able to see the four patches of moss I had been photographing

9.  Finally in a plant pot there was some type of  Bryum  Thread-moss - It could well be the Common Thread-moss Bryum capillare but I have it in a packet and may, just may, one day get round to looking at it.

The children may only remember one or two names of the grasses. But I hope they will remember that there are lots of species of grass, and that they found as many types of grass in each plot as they did herbs. 

More to come on earthworms later...

Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal-grass  and Ox-eye daisy

Horton in Ribblesdale Churchyard species count for Churches Count on Nature 7 June 2026

 Results from Horton-in-Ribblesdale

6-14 June is "Churches Count on Nature Week", promoted by Caring for God's Acre.

Horton-in-Ribblesdale on Sunday afternoon 7 June 2026, held one of one of the first "churchyard counts" in the Yorkshire Dales this week.

(There are lots of pictures at the end. I am still writing this post.)

I was delighted to be accompanied by local entomologist  Dr Terry Whitaker  who pointed out several interesting features:- 

It was Messy Church Sunday and six children from Messy Church and some parents took time off from their indoor artistic work with vicar Revd Stephen Dawson to come outside into the relative cold, and help look for creatures and plants in flower. 

They joined five members of Craven Conservation Group including local botanist Judith Allinson and entomologist Terry Whitaker. Margaret Barker of Horton Church showed where she, with the team from the church had placed wildflowers and wildflower seeds in previous years, including some "wildflower bombs" by the footpath She showed some of the bushes that had been planted. 

Judith observed: 

"The churchyard grass seems a good mixture of short grass on the paths and cut paths through the grass, then some areas with medium length grass.  And some patches where the grass is rarely cut and has grown very long, and become dominated by the tall "False-Oat-grass" which shades out other plants. The variety of management allows different insects and different plants to live in the different habitats."

They spent about 30 minutes this cold Sunday afternoon (cold after the previous week's heatwave)  looking in the churchyard. The list became: 11 Grasses in flower, 2 Grasslike plants in flower, 24 Herbs in flower, plus a variety of  minibeasts.

Named so far includes

11 grasses:

Sweet Vernal Grass, Downy Oat-grass, Yellow Oat-grass, Meadow Foxtail, Red Fescue 

Yorkshire Fog, Rough Meadow-grass, Smooth Meadow-grass,

False Oat-grass, Ryegrass, Cock's-foot 

2 grasslike:

Pendulous sedge, Field Woodrush

24 herbs in flower:

White (5):  

Ox-eye Daisy, Daisy, Spring Whitlow-grass, Common Mouse-ear Chickweed, White Clover

Pink (4):
Red Clover, Herb Robert, Shining Crane's-bill,  Cuckoo flower (aka Mayflower, Ladies-smock, Milkmaid) 

Orange or brown or greenish (4)

Fox and Cubs, Common Sorrel; Ribwort Plantain; Procumbent Pearlwort

Blue (4):

Bird's-eye (Germander) Speedwell. Wall Speedwell, Forget me not, Columbine (Aquilegia)

Yellow (6): 

Cat's-ear  Dandelion, Prickly Sow-Thistle; Groundsel, Meadow Buttercup, Bird's-foot Trefoil

Purple (1):

Bush vetch

1 seven spot ladybird - 

1 named Moss - Springy Turf Moss

1 named slug (out of four found): Leopard Slug

2 snails:

 the Garden Snail, 

the Strawberry Snail.

1 Woodlouse we hope to name shortly

1 gall on Germander Speedwell: the  Gall-Midge -Jaapeilla veronicae

3 Birds: Blackbird, Greenfinch and Crow/Rook.

 The three lichens which caught people's attention were: Map Lichen (bright yellow green); White-rim Lichen Lecanora rupicola (now called Glaucomaria  rupicola) which grows on silica rich rocks such as the slaty material used for the Horton grave stones; and Limestone Firedot Lichen Caloplaca flavescens (now called Variospora flavescens

Columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris) -probably garden escape or planted at the back churchyard entrance.

Herb Robert on the steps

Ox-eye (Dog) Daisies, Meadow Buttercup , Ribwort Plantain and Common Sorrel

Red Clover

Downy Oat-grass - This is one of the "Indicator species"
 that can be found in old Dales Hay Meadows. 

Lichen mosaic on a gravestone. Penyghent, one of Yorkshire's thee peaks is seen in the background. The white lichen is Lecanora rupicola
This type of rock was called "Horton Flags" and there is a good article about their use by Bill Mitchell here.   In fact there are a variety of new geological names given to the Silurian and Ordovician rocks which are quarried at the local quarries at Horton and Helwith Bridge (See article). These are some of the oldest rock layers in Yorkshire.

Lots more Lecanora rupicola

Ox-eye Daisies  (Dog Daisies)

Margaret Barker (second from left) from Horton Church with three members of Craven Conservation Group

Yorkshire Fog 

Pendulous Sedge

Cat's-ear

The Cat's-ear has simple hairs on its leaves.
Unlike a plant with similar flowers -
Rough Hawk's-bit which has forked hairs. Bend the leaf over yur finger and use a hand-lens

Pointing out the Variospora flavescens (formerly called Caloplaca flavescens) at the church entrance.  This is the first lichen on the Lichen Nature Trail of the churchyard's top twenty lichens. 

On to the Animals:- 

Seven Spot Ladybird.  It has a wing that is blackened
due to some form of damage.

Dr Terry Whitaker  pointed out several interesting features:- 

-  The relatively newly planted ACER at the back right hand corner of the churchyard  is not a sycamore (as I had surmised when seeing it in winter) it has very pale leaves that are much more pointed than sycamore. - - We could see a shoot coming from near its base that had dark green leaves- It must be from the rootstock.

- We discovered new creatures by looking under stones on the ground, carefully replacing each stone afterwards. Creatures under one such stone, however, lost their home as one of the lads at Messy Church equally carefully returned the stone to its original home on the wall. (below)

The Garden Snail

The Leopard Slug

Same picture but with contrast increased
to try and reveal the "leopard's spots"

Activity inside the church

Equipment for decorating biscuits

  Happy "Churches Count on Nature" week 6-14 June.

-----------------It starts today. ----------------
Could you help make a list of some of the plants and animals (Birds, insects etc) which live in your churchyard?
**** Buzz Buzz - Tweet Tweet - Bloom Bloom ****
and give them to the church warden or vicar or priest to send to
https://www.caringforgodsacre.org.uk/churches-count-on-nature-
faqs/ or send in the result yourself?

On Sunday 7th I will be helping at Horton in Ribblesdale churchyard at 2 to -3.15pm recording the flowers, grasses and lichens, insects, spiders slugs and snails in the churchyard - part of a children/family /grown up Messy Church event. (Other children's activities and tea also taking place such as making Father's Day cards). Terry Whitaker, Moth and insect specialist will be coming to help us.

On Wednesday and Thursday I am helping at St Mary's church n Embsay near Skipton. There will be public events there those two days, plus classes of children from Embsay Primary School come to do recording for an hour or two each day.

Here are links to previous events at Embsay

https://rainforest-save.blogspot.com/2024/06/embsay-today-12-june-churches-count-on.html

and Sharow

I would be happy to help others do botanical and and especially lichen recording at Churches near Settle and in North Craven this week - - on any early evening from tomorrow (Sun) to Friday and on Mon and Tue in the daytime.

A rocha UK says that "Last year alone, more than 380 events welcomed 6,000+ participants, who submitted 8,668 records covering 1,670 species, highlighting the remarkable biodiversity found in churchyards across the country. "

Review: Last day of year 7 Lichen survey of SD86

 Review for the year March 2025 to March 2026 

So this is sort of my annual report for my Lichen activities.. I can look at it next year and work out what I did in 2025-early 2026.

I now have 69 monads where I have recorded at least 20 species. (well 19 spp) . That's almost 70 monads. So I have kept up my 10 a year aim. ( I was only at 59 monads this time last year last year). 

The average number of species per quadrat stands at 35.8

I spent some time getting a few squares up to 50 or more species.
The cliffs above Huntworth Common, the field near Settle Reservoir, Kirkby Malham Churchyard.

 The BLS have made the dots in the BLS interactive maps change colour at 10 or more species and at 50 or more species. 

Then the last 3 months I have concentrated on monads near a road, and just doing one (or two) visits so that I could record over 19 species. So the road to Kirby Malham and Airton, and the road over Malham Moor and starting towards Malham now have yellow squares (20 species) on my map of my area following the orignal colour scheme of 2019

I started sending records in to Janet, The BLS data manager, in August 2025 for the hectad. My records needed the locations changing so that they start with the name of the parish. I use

  https://maps.walkingclub.org.uk/admin/north-yorkshire/parishes.html to find this.

By 30 March 2026 I have sent Janet 20 monads - the first 2 rows - to SD8169, I have the first six monads of the next row ready to send and would like to complete the third row

Lichen Events this year.

I did not go to the winter workshop in 2025 (Preston Montford) or 2026 (Preston Montford).

I went to the Autumn Field Meeting in Hebden Bridge Oct 2025, to the BLS Conference in Carlisle (Jan 2026) and to Fort Belan (March 2026) and will be attending the Appleby spring meeting in April 2026.

I failed to organise a lichen day meeting with Allan Pentecost.  I spent a day with Ann Claypole, Sue and Lez at Linton this year - well maybe March 2025. I visited Edith's Wood near Ingleton with Dee and recorded lichens on a branch. . I failed to attend Cumbria meetings. I have talked with Simon Robinson of Settle who has attended Fred's LABs course.

At the BLS Winter meeting they presented me with the Ursula Duncan award  for organising the LCIG meetings which we started 5.5 years ago. That was nice.  It is a bit hard with the feeling "I should have emailed lots of the LCIG people to get them to commit to a date for sorting out talks" hanging over me. Still, from May I might give myself a break this summer and just do them every 2 months or 6 weeks till next September. And use the time to invite lots of guest speakers ready for Autumn 2026 

I have started recording Leptogium gelatinosum, Leptogium pulvinatium and Bagliettoa baldensis  and more this year which has helped with increasing the length of species lists. And looked out for Enchylium tenax ssp cerenoides

Perhaps this coming year I can get my head round Lecidella scabra & Amandinea punctata

As I spend more time sorting lichens, it puts pressure on other activities - Speakers Club, Chairing CCG, Church, Housework (what?)  Eco Explorers, Green Christian website, Settle "News Email - temporary stalling while I decide whether to pay for Mailchimp; Excercise classes/swimming.. taking friends out who stay in care homes etc out, .. and one day going to visit relatives. Hey Ho.

 

Fort Belan - BLS extra early-spring meeting - North-west shore of Mainland Wales on Menai Straights opposite Newborough Warren

 Mon 16 - Friday 19  March 2026

We had a wonderful time. The event was organised by Eluned Smith. In the end 14 of us were resident.

John, Maxine, Tracy, Philippa, Judith(me), Raymond, Sue, Eluned, the Shropshire group (Mary, Eric, Susan-Mary, Simon, Mark, Eluned  and two local people came Julie and Susan. 

Fort Belan was built in the late 1775 as a fort to defend the Menai Straits -at the time the American Civil War

Quoting Wikipedia: 

Situated at the tip of the Dinlle Peninsula, the windblown, north-westernmost point of the Welsh mainland, the fort is cut off twice a day by the incoming tide. (Judtih adds:You drive to the coastal village and iron age fort and shingle ridge and dunes at Dinas Dinlle, then follow a bumpy road (the old airstrip of the airport) for two miles. The fort itself and grounds are private. )

The fort was built in 1775 for a reported cost of £30,000^[2][3] (equivalent to £4.5 million in 2023),^[4] by Thomas Wynn, then MP for Caernarfonshire and later to become Lord Newborough. He was worried about the vulnerability of Britain's coastline to attack, particularly because of the recently begun American War of Independence. Fort Belan was the only purpose-built fort of the American Revolution on the eastern side of the Atlantic Ocean.^[5] It guards a narrow passage of 35 m (115 ft) width.^[6]

 Whilst we had to drive through some rain and cloud to get there on the Monday, Days Tuesday to Friday had sun and warm weather. 

There are two sets of buildings: One block is the  Fort with outside walls, inner walls and courtyard and moat and mini orchard. the second block is "The dock"  which is U shaped covering a similar area but the courtyard part has a lawn  and the dock- an inlet with two or three boats docked. 

The place is now used as about seven holiday cottages. Each cottage has a piano (in tune) in its lounge. The owner especially likes to organise groups of people to meet up and play music... but she is encouraging other interest groups to come and stay and was pleased to welcome us coming to look at lichens.

She had two music friends visiting her, staying in another of the cottages I presume - and the three of them enjoyed playing tomusic together.

I was lucky to stay in Dock Cottage - and this is the view from the kitchen, looking south east. At low tide the shingle in the inlet is exposed and I watched oyster catchers, a white egret and a wader on different mornings. At high tide this lagoon fills up, 

The walls are made out of a great variety of stone - limestones, conglomerate, volcanic type rocks, sandstones, bricks - making it a fun, but challenging to predict which lichen would grow where ..

 

We looked at lichens:

On the variety of rocks in the walls, and at mortar and soil in the cracks of the walls

Including walls rising from the sea (Caloplaca  marina)

On the grass in the cannon firing area (Peltigera canina)

On the cement and tarmac causeway that gets covered for an hour at high tide (John found Lichina sp) On the tarmac - Xanthoparmelia conspersa

On the pebbles and rocks near high tide level, (Ramalina siliquosa and several mystery species)

Hydropunctaria (Verrucaria)  maura

On the young trees in the new orchard:  Physcia aipolea, and on the walls: Bilimbia sabulatorum  

Glaucomaria (formerly Lecanora) rupicola

Lecanora rupicola

On the flags and path in the courtyard .. well, one day  I am going to write a mini-talk/post on that

On  wooden fence posts that gave with John and Maxine and Tracy and other people's help - an excellent resource for teaching me how to recognise species on lignum (old worked wood) including Amandinea punctata, Lecanora confusa, Xanthoria polycaulon and both Flavoparmelias, 

We had three full days there. On the second day, Eluned had planned a trip inland to a wood part owned and managed by a relation of hers, who showed us round, and to the "Powder Store" Nature reserve Beddgellert. through old woodland up to higher rocks of various igneous origins. A small group of us attended this - whilst many in the party were so happy at the fort they just stayed there. 

They could look at a lichen, take it back to the microscope room we had set up, and then go out and find it again if needed.

Or just go for pleasant walks looking at the sea or shingle. At night we went out with our UV torches to check out lichens by UV.  and we saw the twinkling lights of Caernarfon and Bangor in the distance.

I prepared a powerpoint talk for the LCIG group when we came back of my first 24 hours - mostly species on the walls, which I recorded. On day I would like to write about "Lichens on Lignum - the fence posts" -(as an exercise to teach myself)  ready for next week's LCIG talk.  .. but .. it is still on my wish list.

BLS 2026 Winter Meeting at Carlisle: Part 2: Saturday

BLS 2026 Winter Meeting at Carlisle: - Part 1 Fri

BLS 2026 Winter Meeting, Carlisle: - Part 3 Sun - Cemetery Visit

BLS 2026 Winter Meeting at Carlisle: - Part 2 - Sat: this post

I find myself not sleeping too well the night after after the Friday meal due to waking with leg cramp. But what a nice spacious room it is. And I can read my newly acquired book "Gut" from the vast cellared bookshop opposite Tullie House..  I get up and made myself a cup of tea and eat the hotel bedroom biscuit. That is enough for breakfast! I set off for Tullie House 300 m away, but call in at the Cathedral 150m away first. - Really blessed with this central location!

Carlisle Cathedral has been on the radio this previous week - as part of a competition to vote for the best Stained Glass Window out of a choice of the top twelve windows of English Cathedrals. So I am curious to see inside.

The choir stalls are in the centre of the cathedral, and a guide is showing a lady the misericords.. we then go round to the side and he draws open a very tall curtain to reveal a huge panel of pictures showing the life of St Augustine (The Cathedral was built as an Augustinian Priory in 1133 )

Then under an arch, along a short stretch of Abbey Street and though the gate into Tullie House Gardens.  The air was filled with thte fragrance of sweet smelling white flowers.. some sort of "Sweet Box", Sarcococca sp  pictured here looking back towards the gate

The conference is about to start.  President Fay Newbery is at the front:- "Another  Amazing Year" she says.

Various committee members present reports. We vote for committee members. We vote for trustees on council -  two restanding ones and two new ones.

Mary Steer (right in the picture below) becomes our new president.

Then Mary has a new task - to present the Ursula Duncan Award.  Ursula Duncan wrote the standard British "Lichen text /key" published in 1970 with black and white line drawings. The BLS gives an award in her name to people who have contributed to lichenology . I remember at the first BLS AGM I attended over 10 years ago it was given to Ishpi Blatchley for her work in surveying churchyards.  We had had to keep it quiet from her that she would be receiving it. 

As Mary started talking about the LCIG groups and the LABS groups.. and how many Zoom sessions we had held over the past five years since October 2020, it suddenly dawned on me who was getting it this year. 

Then it was lunch time. I ate in the Tullie cafe and sat with Sue and Les Knight and Allan Pentecost and met lots of other people. Then a quick glace at the displays again

Joseph Halda from the Czech Republic had brought
some of the beautiful ceramic models that he makes. 
In the foreground is Dibaeis baeomyces

Looking at the poster display

 In the tea break I photographed the Acarospora smaragdula
on the Tullie House wall next to the gate on Abbey Street.

We had talks including one  by Les Knight on crusts on walls in Swaledale, and one by James Paton on crusts on his door steps in Edinburgh

We had to pack up by 5pm to let the Tullie House staff clean up the building.  

I walked with Lesley from Otley and Allan Pentecost towards the station, as they had trains to catch. All the cafes and bars were noisy and heaving with people. So we went to the station and bought drinks at the Smiths shop there and drank them at the picnic table on the platform.

Then I returned to the hotel and found two groups, later three who had retreated to the hotel restaurant - having found Carlisle too busy on an early Saturday evening.

Then, anticipating the field work on the Sunday at the cemetery  I decided an early night was called for... And I slept well.

BLS 2026 Winter Meeting at Carlisle: - Part 1 Fri

BLS 2026 Winter Meeting at Carlisle: - Part 2 - This post

BLS 2026 Winter Meeting, Carlisle: - Part 3 Sun - Cemetery Field Trip